Muslims rulers and Sufi saints

Explore the life of Sultan Muhammad Khan, Peshawar's governor in 1830. Discover his alliances, defection, and influence in the Sikh Wars.

ADINA BEG KHAN (d. 1758), governor of the Punjab for a few months in AD 1758, was, according to Ahwal-i-Dina Beg Khan, an unpublished Persian manuscript, the son of Channu, of the Arain agriculturalist caste, mostly settled in Doaba region of the Punjab. He was born at the village of Sharakpur, near Lahore, now in Sheikhupura district of Pakistan. Adina Beg was brought up in Mughal homes, for the most part in Jalalabad, Khanpur and Bajvara in the Jalandhar Doab. Starting his career as a soldier, he rose to be collector of revenue of the village of Kang in the Lohian area, near Sultanpur Lodhi.

Explore Babar's journey as a soldier and poet, founding the Mughal dynasty in India. His conquests shaped history from Kabul to India's plains.

Explore the history of Farrukh-Siyar, Mughal emperor from 1713-19, known for his heavy measures against the Sikhs and his ascent to power in Delhi.

Discover Jahandad Khan's journey from governor of Attock to a key ally of Maharaja Ranjit Singh amid the power shifts in 19th century Afghanistan.

Explore the spiritual exchange between Guru Nanak and Mian Mittha in Kotia Mian Mittha. Discover the path to divine light and presence in God's court.

Discover Rulia Singh's journey from Oregon farmworker to pivotal Ghadr leader fighting British rule—resilience in the face of oppression.

Explore the spiritual bond between Muslim saint Sundar Shah and Sikh Bhai Bidhi Chand, marking a unique chapter in Sikh tradition of the 17th century.

AHMAD SHAH DURRANI (1722-1772), the first of the Saddozai rulers of Afghanistan and founder of the Durrani empire, belonged to the Saddozai section of the Popalzai clan of the Abdali tribe of Afghans. In the 18th century the Abdalis were to be found chiefly around Herat. Under their leader Zaman Khan, father of Ahmad Khan. they resisted Persian attempts to take Herat until, in 1728, they were forced to submit to Nadir Shah. Recognizing the fighting qualities of the Abdalis, Nadir Shah enlisted them in his army.

Discover Bahadur Shah's reign, his liberal religious policies, alliances with Guru Gobind Singh, and challenges. Learn about his impact on Mughal India.

Explore the legacy of Fateh Khan, the Afghan leader who reshaped empires. Discover his pivotal role in 19th-century Afghanistan's power dynamics.

Explore the intriguing reign of Jahangir, the fourth Mughal emperor, known for his love of art but controversial rule influenced by his Persian wife.