JANG SINGHAN TEFIRANGIAN, by Matak, is a versified account, in Punjabi, of the first Anglo Sikh war (1845-46) by a contemporary or near contemporary poet about whom no biographical details are available. The poem, in its present incomplete form, is included in Panjabdian Varan (Amritsar, 1946) edited by Dr Ganda Singh who got the manuscript of this poem from Naurarig Singh Tarighi of Amritsar. It was first published in the Phulvdn (1938). Since the two opening stanzas and the concluding parts of the poem are missing, it has not been possible to date the work though it can be presumed to have been written soon after the war.
The poem presents the appeal for help made by the oppressed people from the regions below the River Sutlej which had then been annexed by the East India Company as the main reason for the Sikhs ire against the British (3). Beginning with the Sikhs` march towards Firozpur and subsequent battle at Pheru Shahr, which according to the poet started on Thursday (no year is mentioned perhaps because it was not needed in a contemporary or near contemporary account), and goes to describe the fierce action but only in general terms, without supplying any specific names or details. However, he denounces in very unequivocal terms the treachery of Tej Singh (22) and Lal Singh (19), and praises Sham Singh of Atari for his resolution and chivalry (2833).
References :
1. Ganda Singh, ed., Punjab dian Varan. Amrilsar, 1946
Jang Singhan, also known as Jangnama Singhan te Firangian, is a celebrated Punjabi poetic work by Shah Muhammad, a prominent poet of the 19th century. This composition provides a vivid and poignant account of the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) and the events leading to the decline of the Sikh Empire after Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839.
Historical Context and Themes
The poem captures the political turmoil and military engagements between the Sikh forces and the British army. Shah Muhammad’s narrative delves into the chaos that ensued after Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s passing, including the internal conflicts and the eventual confrontation with the British. The poet’s deep alignment with the land, culture, and ethos of Punjab is evident in his empathetic portrayal of the Sikh defeat and the lamentation of the families of fallen soldiers.
Structure and Style
The composition is divided into two parts:
- War of Succession: This section narrates the internal struggles within the Sikh polity, highlighting the anarchy and power struggles among the successors of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
- Anglo-Sikh Battles: The second part describes the battles fought between the Sikh and British forces, emphasizing the bravery and resilience of the Sikh soldiers despite their eventual defeat.
Shah Muhammad’s use of octaves and his stylistic devices bring the narrative to life, blending historical detail with emotional depth. His work is considered a masterpiece of Punjabi literature, reflecting the cultural and historical identity of Punjab.
Legacy
The poem remains a significant cultural artifact, offering insights into the socio-political dynamics of the time. It continues to inspire readers with its portrayal of courage, sacrifice, and the enduring spirit of the Sikh community.
