NITNEM (nit: daily; nem; practice, rule or regimen) is the name given to the set prayers which every Sikh is commanded to say daily, alone or in company. These prayers or texts are five in number for early morning Guru Nanak`sJa/w and Guru Gobind Singh`s Jdpu and Savaiyye, for the evening at sunset Sodaru Rahrdsi and for night before retiring Kirtan Sohild. The ideal Guru Nanak, founder of the faith, put forth before his followers was to “rise early in the morning, remember the True Name and meditate upon His greatness” (GG, 2). According to Guru Ram Das, Nanak IV, “He who wishes to be called a Sikh of the True Guru must rise early in the morning and repeat God`s Name.
He should bathe in the pool and dwell upon the Lord through the Guru`s word” (GG, 305). Recitation by Sikhs of three of the barns in the morning, evening and late evening must have become established practice before the time of Guru Arjan who when compiling the (Guru) Granth Sahib in 1604 placed them in that order at the beginning of the Holy Writ. Bhai Gurdas (d. 1636) records in his Varan that, at Kartarpur where Guru Nanak had settled after his travels, it was a daily practice to recite Japu early in the morning and Rahrdsi and Arati (Sohild) in the evening (1.38). The compositions of Guru Gobind Singh, last of the Gurus, were added to the regimen later.
The directions regarding nitnem set down in Sikh Rahil Maryddd published by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, statutorily elected representative body of the Sikhs, say: “A Sikh should rise early, bathe and meditate on the Timeless One repeating the name `Vahiguru.` He should recite the nitnem which includes the following bdms: Japu, Japu and the ten (prescribed) Savaiyye in the morning, Sodaru Rahrdsi in the evening and Sohild at bedtime.” It further stipulates that ardds or supplicatory prayer should necessarily follow the recitation of the bdms at three times during the day. The Japu goes back to the very origin of Sikhism.
According to Miharbdn Janam Sdkht, its pauris or stanzas composed by Guru Nanak on different occasions were arranged in a single order by Guru Angad under the former`s instructions. The Japu is preceded by Mul Mantra and concludes with a sloka. The Mul Mantra is the root doctrinal statement of Sikh faith comparable to Nicene Creed in Christianity, Kalimai Shahadat in Islam, the Shema in Judaism or Gayatri Mantra in Hinduism. It is to be noted, however, that the term Japu, even where it includes the section specifically termed mantra, as such has no magical connotation as in the case of the Sanskrit mantram.
It may have the same effect in evoking the power of the utterance of basic or primordial sound, but it does not in itself signify any magical effect. The Mul Mantra in full or in an abbreviated form is repeated at the beginning of all major bdms or sections of the Guru Granth Sahib. Similarly, the concluding sloka of the Japu is usually recited to signal the end of a ritual service. Most Sikhs know the Japuji Sahib, ^sJapu is reverently called, by heart and recite it as a set morning prayer.
The second item in the morning prayer is the Japu or Japu Sahib, a composition of the Tenth Master, Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708). Different from the Japu in rhythm and vocabularly, it renders a magnificent paean of adoration to the Divine.The third morning text is Das (Ten) Savaiyye, culled from a longer composition by Guru Gobind Singh, Akdl Ustati (lit. Praise to the Timeless). Besides these three morning prayers, there can be additions according to the usage of the place, the occasion and the desire of the individual or the sangat.
For example, the whole of Anandu (Sahib) or the first five and the final stanza of it may be added; some Sikhs would also recite Shabad Hazdre, while others would recite the Sukhmam Sahib; Nihangs would include Vdr Sri BhagauliJi Ki, popularly called Chandi di Vdr in the morning order. Asd ki Vdr is usually sung by musicians at gurudwaras in the morning.Some read it at their homes in addition to the daily regimen. Sodaru Rahrdsi, the evening prayer comparable to Vespers or Evensong, is recited soon after sunset.
The title Sodaru is taken from the first word of the first hymn of the text. Rahrdsi variously means prayer, supplication, usage and greetings. It is also interpreted as an adaptation of the Persian term rdhirdst (the right path). The order begins with nine sabdas which also stand together in the Guru Granth Sahib, immediately after the Japu.
They arc followed by three compositions by Guru Gobind Singh Benali Chaupai taken from the final tale (404) of Charitropdkhydn, and a savaiyyd and a sloka from Rama Avtdr and by the first five and the last stanzas of the Anandu (Sahib), and Munddvam. Sohild, or Kirtan Sohild as it is generally called, is the lateevening prayer recited before going to bed. It takes its name from the word Sohild in the second line of its first hymn, viz. titu ghari gdvahu sohild sivarihu sirjanhdro (In that state sing His praises and meditate upon Him).
Sohild is literally a paean or song of praise and kirtan means devotional singing. Kirtan Sohild occurs at the beginning of the Guru Granth Sahib, immediately following Sodaru Rahrdsi, and includes five hymns three by Guru Nanak and one each by Guru Ram Das and Guru Arjan.The middle hymn is connected with Guru Nanak`s visit to the Jagannath temple at Puri, in Orissa. In the evening, the priests there were performing drati, the ritual worship by swinging in front of the idol a salver studded with lighted lamps.
Guru Nanak through this hymn explained to them the futility of the ritual, as already the spheres, the sun, the moon and the stars are revolving in God`s worship, with fire serving as incense and wind as a whisk, and so on. The final verse of Kzrtan Sohild beginning with karau benanti sunahu mere mitd sant tahal ki heldListen my friend, I beg you, this life is the occasion to serve the holy ones is a call to one to devote oneself to good deeds of service and devotion.The last line of this hymn is a supplication to God for fulfilling the only wish of the devotee which is to be “the dust of the (feet of the) holy ones.” On this note and on the assurance that if one devotes one`s life to God and service with humility one will suffer transmigration no more, ends the Kirtan Sohild.
Each service is concluded with ardds, a prayer or petition invariably used by Sikhs to conclude any devotional meeting or ceremony. When Nitnem is performed in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib, ardds is followed by hukam or vdk (lit. order or utterance), that is, reading of a hymn from the Holy Book opened at random, and, if it is in sangat, prashdd or consecrated food is distributed.
References :
1. Sikh Rahit Maryada. Amritsar, 1979
2. Jogendra Singh, Sikh Ceremonies. Bombay, 1941 Talib, Gurbachan Singh, Nitnem. Delhi, 1983
3. Talib, Gurbachan Singh, Nitnem. Delhi, 1983
4. Doabia, Harbans Singh, Nitnem. Amritsar, 1976
5. McLeod, W.H., Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester, 1984
Nitnem, a combination of two words, “Nit” meaning daily or regularly, and “Nem” meaning practice or discipline, is a fundamental aspect of Sikhism that refers to the daily routine of devotional prayers recited by Sikhs. It plays a pivotal role in the spiritual life of a Sikh, as it establishes a strong connection between the individual and the Divine. The practice of Nitnem not only nurtures the spiritual well-being of Sikhs but also instills a sense of discipline, commitment, and mindfulness, guiding them towards righteous living and moral conduct.
The cornerstone of Nitnem lies in the recitation of specific hymns or Banis from the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture and eternal Guru of the Sikhs, and the Dasam Granth, a sacred text composed by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru. These Banis are recited at designated times throughout the day, beginning early in the morning before sunrise and ending with a bedtime prayer. The daily practice of Nitnem is a constant reminder of the Guru’s teachings and the importance of living a life imbued with the values of compassion, humility, selflessness, and devotion to God.
The Daily Prayers (Banis) in Nitnem
The Nitnem, as mentioned earlier, consists of a set of hymns or Banis that Sikhs recite daily at specific times. Each Bani has its own unique significance and purpose, imparting valuable lessons and spiritual guidance to the devotees. Let’s explore each Bani in greater detail:
As the first Bani in the Nitnem, Japji Sahib is a profound and comprehensive composition by Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism. This Bani provides a foundation for understanding the essence of Sikh philosophy. Japji Sahib emphasizes the importance of Naam Simran (remembrance of God), the nature of the Divine, and the path to achieving spiritual enlightenment. The hymn consists of 38 Pauris (stanzas) and a concluding Salok. Reciting Japji Sahib in the early morning helps cultivate a sense of gratitude, humility, and devotion.
Composed by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru, Jaap Sahib is a powerful and rhythmic hymn that glorifies God in various forms and attributes. This Bani consists of 199 verses and is known for its captivating and energizing effect on the devotee’s mind and spirit. Jaap Sahib instills a sense of awe and reverence toward the Divine while strengthening one’s faith and resilience.
This Bani, also composed by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, is a concise yet profound expression of the key principles of Sikhism. Tav-Prasad Savaiye emphasizes the importance of transcending rituals, idol worship, and superstitions to connect directly with the Divine. By reciting this Bani, Sikhs are reminded to live a life of truth, humility, and unwavering devotion to God.
Rehras Sahib is an evening prayer, comprising hymns from Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji, and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. This Bani serves as an expression of gratitude for the day’s blessings and protection while seeking continued guidance and support for the evening ahead. Rehras Sahib provides a sense of solace, reflection, and spiritual rejuvenation at the end of the day.
The final Bani in the Nitnem, Kirtan Sohila, is a bedtime prayer composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji, and Guru Arjan Dev Ji. This hymn consists of five Shabads (verses) that evoke a sense of peace, protection, and serenity while preparing for rest. Kirtan Sohila reflects on the importance of remembering God at all times and seeking the Divine’s protection during the night. It serves as a reminder that our ultimate goal is to merge with God and that we should reflect on our actions and thoughts throughout the day.
Each Bani in the Nitnem plays a crucial role in shaping the spiritual growth and development of Sikhs. By reciting these prayers daily, individuals are constantly reminded of the teachings of the Gurus and the importance of living a life of discipline, focus, and gratitude. These Banis are the source of inspiration, guidance, and strength, nurturing the devotee’s connection to the Divine and fostering a deep sense of inner peace and contentment.
The Importance of Nitnem in Sikhism
Nitnem is an integral aspect of Sikhism, as it helps individuals maintain a strong spiritual connection with the Divine. The daily recitation of these prayers is a constant reminder of the teachings of the Gurus, reinforcing the core values of Sikhism, such as humility, devotion, and service. Nitnem also encourages Sikhs to live a life of discipline, focus, and gratitude, fostering a sense of inner peace and contentment.
Spiritual Connection and Reflection
The practice of Nitnem fosters a deep and personal relationship with God. By reciting prayers such as Japji Sahib and Jaap Sahib, Sikhs reflect on the nature of the Divine and the principles outlined by the Gurus. This constant engagement with sacred texts encourages a mindset of mindfulness, allowing individuals to center their thoughts on spirituality and divine presence throughout the day.
Reinforcement of Core Values
The daily prayers reinforce the core values of Sikhism—humility, devotion, and service. For instance, the themes of humility in Japji Sahib remind practitioners to approach life with a sense of modesty and self-awareness, acknowledging their place in the grand design of creation. The emphasis on devotion encourages Sikhs to surrender their ego and recognize the importance of faith in their daily lives.
Discipline and Routine
Nitnem instills a sense of discipline that is crucial for personal growth. By committing to daily recitations, individuals cultivate a routine that encourages consistency in their spiritual practice. This discipline helps Sikhs manage their time more effectively, ensuring that they prioritize their spiritual well-being alongside their worldly responsibilities. The structured nature of Nitnem serves as a daily anchor, guiding practitioners through the chaos of modern life.
Focus and Gratitude
Engaging with Nitnem also promotes focus and gratitude. As Sikhs recite these prayers, they are reminded of the blessings in their lives and the importance of gratitude in their spiritual journey. This acknowledgment of divine grace fosters a positive outlook, enabling individuals to approach challenges with resilience and a sense of hope. The practice encourages reflection on both the joys and struggles of life, reinforcing the belief that all experiences are part of a greater divine plan.
Inner Peace and Contentment
The meditative quality of Nitnem contributes to a profound sense of inner peace and contentment. The rhythmic recitation of prayers calms the mind and nurtures a state of tranquility, allowing individuals to experience a deeper connection with their inner selves. This sense of peace is particularly valuable in today’s fast-paced world, where individuals often face stress and uncertainty. Through Nitnem, Sikhs cultivate a sanctuary of calm that they can draw upon in times of need.
Community and Collective Practice
Finally, Nitnem also plays a crucial role in fostering a sense of community among Sikhs. Many individuals gather at Gurdwaras to recite these prayers together, creating a shared spiritual experience that strengthens communal bonds. This collective practice enhances the sense of belonging and encourages individuals to support one another on their spiritual journeys. It reinforces the idea that spirituality is not just an individual pursuit but also a collective effort to uplift one another and serve the community.
How to Perform Nitnem
Nitnem is typically performed at three key times during the day: morning, evening, and night. The morning prayers include Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, and Tav-Prasad Savaiye, while the evening prayers consist of Rehras Sahib. Kirtan Sohila is recited before bedtime. To perform Nitnem, one should sit in a comfortable position, preferably on the floor, in a clean and quiet space. It is important to maintain proper hygiene and cover the head with a clean cloth or turban while reciting the prayers. One can recite the Banis from memory or read from a Gutka (prayer book) or a digital device.
- Set an Intention
Begin by setting a clear intention for your recitation. Focus on connecting with the Divine and reflecting on the teachings of the Gurus.
- Choose a Quiet Space
Find a calm and quiet place where you can focus without distractions. This could be a dedicated prayer room, a corner of your home, or a peaceful outdoor setting.
- Prepare Yourself
Cleanse Yourself: It’s customary to wash your hands and face before prayer. Many Sikhs also take a shower to purify themselves.
Dress Appropriately: Wear clean, modest clothing .
- Begin with Japji Sahib
Start your Nitnem with Japji Sahib, which is usually recited in the morning. Focus on each line, reflecting on its meaning as you recite.
Aim to recite it with devotion and understanding, allowing the words to resonate within you.
- Continue with Jaap Sahib
After completing Japji Sahib, proceed to Jaap Sahib. This prayer praises the various attributes of God and encourages deep contemplation of the Divine.
- Recite Tav Prasad Savaiye
Next, recite Tav Prasad Savaiye, reflecting on humility and devotion as you engage with its teachings.
- Perform Rehras Sahib in the Evening
In the evening, recite Rehras Sahib. This prayer provides strength and comfort, reminding you of God’s presence during the challenges of daily life.
- Conclude with Kirtan Sohila
Finish your Nitnem with Kirtan Sohila, a bedtime prayer. This recitation prepares your mind and heart for rest, reflecting on the day’s experiences and surrendering to the Divine.
- Practice Regularly
Consistency is key. Aim to perform Nitnem daily, incorporating these prayers into your morning and evening routines.
- Reflect and Meditate
After reciting the prayers, take a moment to reflect on their meanings. Engage in meditation, focusing on the teachings and allowing them to guide your thoughts and actions.
Benefits of Reciting Nitnem
The daily recitation of Nitnem provides a wealth of benefits that enhance both spiritual and practical aspects of life. Here are some of the key advantages:
- Spiritual Growth and Development : Regularly reciting Nitnem helps deepen one’s understanding of Sikh teachings, fostering personal and spiritual growth.
- Enhanced Focus and Concentration : The rhythmic nature of the prayers improves mental focus and concentration, aiding in mindfulness and clarity throughout the day.
- Improved Mental and Emotional Well-Being : Reciting Nitnem has a calming effect that can reduce stress and anxiety, promoting emotional stability and overall mental health.
- Strengthened Connection with the Divine : Daily prayers create a consistent bond with God, enhancing feelings of spiritual connection and providing comfort in times of need.
- Cultivation of Virtues : Engaging with the teachings in Nitnem nurtures virtues such as humility, compassion, and selflessness, guiding individuals in their interactions with others.
- Increased Resilience : The spiritual strength gained from regular recitation helps individuals cope with challenges and adversity, providing courage and perseverance.
- Greater Clarity of Sikh Principles : Recitation enhances understanding of Sikh values and philosophies, empowering individuals to align their actions with their beliefs.
- Incorporating Nitnem into daily practice enriches spiritual life and supports overall well-being. It serves as a guiding light, fostering growth, connection, and resilience in the journey of life.
Nitnem and the Modern Sikh
In today’s fast-paced world, maintaining a daily spiritual practice can be challenging. However, the importance of Nitnem in the life of a Sikh cannot be overstated. By making a conscious effort to prioritize Nitnem, individuals can experience a deeper sense of peace, balance, and fulfillment in their lives. Technology, such as apps and online resources, can also be leveraged to facilitate the daily recitation of Nitnem and ensure that this timeless practice remains an integral part of modern Sikh life.
By consciously prioritizing Nitnem, individuals can cultivate a deeper sense of peace, balance, and fulfillment. The daily recitation of prayers offers moments of reflection and grounding, allowing Sikhs to center themselves before facing the demands of the day. This practice reinforces core Sikh values and provides a source of strength and guidance.
To adapt to contemporary lifestyles, technology can play a significant role in facilitating the daily recitation of Nitnem. Mobile apps and online resources offer access to Nitnem texts, audio recitations, and reminders, making it easier for individuals to incorporate these prayers into their routines. These tools help ensure that this timeless practice remains an integral part of modern Sikh life, allowing for flexibility and accessibility.
Establishing a consistent routine around Nitnem can greatly enhance its benefits. Setting aside specific times for recitation, whether in the morning, evening, or both, allows individuals to create a sacred space in their daily lives. Even amidst busy schedules, dedicating a few moments to Nitnem can provide a refreshing break and a chance to reconnect with spiritual teachings.
Incorporating Nitnem into daily life is vital for modern Sikhs seeking to nurture their spiritual journey. By embracing both traditional practices and contemporary technology, individuals can maintain a meaningful connection to their faith, ensuring that the teachings of Sikhism continue to inspire and guide them in today’s world.
Conclusion
Nitnem is a cornerstone of Sikh spiritual practice, offering a powerful means of connecting with the Divine and cultivating a life of devotion, discipline, and contentment. By engaging in this daily ritual, Sikhs can deepen their understanding of the teachings of the Gurus, foster a strong sense of community, and nurture their spiritual growth. In a world that is increasingly complex and uncertain, the timeless wisdom of Nitnem provides a beacon of light, guiding individuals toward a path of inner peace and true fulfillment.
