GANGA RAM was one of the five sons of Bhai Sadhu and Bibi Viro, the daughter of Guru Hargobind, who formed part of Guru Gobind Singh`s retinue at Paonta, in present day Himachal Pradesh, when he was attacked by a combined force of some of the hill chiefs headed

MANNA SINGH MAJITHIA (d. 1802), a minor commander and jagirdar in Sikh times. He served the Sukkarchakkia family under Charhat Singh and Mahari Singh in various expeditions. From Mahan Singh, he received a jagir in ]ehlum district. He took part in the early campaigns of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and

PRAVRTTIMARGA : NIVRTTIMARGA. In ancient religious texts four madrsas or paths or roads to life are demarcated: the path of action for personal gratification, leading to sensuous pleasures (cf. J5GXVI. 16); (ii) the path of action in the form of observance of religious rituals, with a view to reaping the

SHAHI TIBBI, a low mound about 6 km south of KIratpur Sahib (31"11`N, P&`SaE) in Ropar district of the Punjab, was the scene of a fierce battle in the time of Guru Gobind Singh. The Guru who evacuated Anandpur on the night of 56 December 1705, was given a hot

SHER SINGH ATARIVALA (d. 1858), provincial governor under Maharaja Duleep Singh of Lahore, was the son of Chatar Singh Atarivala. He was appointed governor of Peshawar in October 1845, and recalled in August 1846 to Lahore where he was nominated a member of the Council of Regency. He was

SAUNA (SAUNAKA) Saturday—Consideration of the Shastra of Sauna (Saunaka, a sage) dealing with omens (whether an action is good or bad, which time is suitable or unsuitable for that action) is merely whim and ego; the whole world is deluded in it. (Bilawal M. 3. Var Sat, p. 841)

VAR SRI GURU GOBIND SINGH Jl KI, also known as Jarignama Bhangani, is an account in Punjabi verse of Guru Gobind oSingh`s battle at Bhangani, near Paonta, in AD 1688, with some of the surrounding hill chiefs supported by the Mughal authority in Delhi. The poem comprises thirty-two cantos of

BARLOW (d. 1845) an Englishman, while serving with 44th Foot, was taken prisoner by the Afghans during the British retreat from Afghanistan in 1841. In 1843, he escaped from prison, came to Lahore and entered the service of the Sikh Darbar. Barlow fought against the British in the first

BHANU, BHAI, BhaiJattu, Bhai Nihalu and Bhai Tiratha, all Chaddha Khatris, were devoted Sikhs. Once they presented themselves before Guru Arjan to have a doubt resolved. They made obeisance to the Guru and said, "Lord, in one of your hymns there is a line: `He alone kills and He

BUDDHI or buddhi (from Sanskrit budh to wake up, be awake, to perceive, learn) is the intellectual aspect of mind (antahkarana) whose other aspects man and haumai are intertwined with it in close interrelationship. Its nearest English equivalent may be intellect. Man (Sanskrit manas) as the receptacle of sense

CHUHAR, BHAI, Bhai Sam. Bhai Lala, all Sethi Khatris, and Bhai Nihalu were good musicians and had facility in expounding the holy hymns. Whenever they sang, discussed or discoursed on the sacred hymns, the sangat, records Bhai Mani Singh in his Sikhari di Bhagat Mala, felt deeply impressed. Guru