Discover how the Board of Administration, led by Lord Dalhousie, managed Punjab affairs post-1849 annexation with judicial and executive powers.
Discover Victor Jacquemont's detailed 1829-1832 Indian travels exploring botany, culture, and meeting Maharaja Ranjit Singh. A historical adventure awaits!
Explore the dynamic relations between Sikhs and hill states from Guru Nanak's time to Maharaja Ranjit Singh's reign, highlighting alliances and conflicts.
BUDDHA DAL and Taruna Dal, names now appropriated by two sections of the Nihang Sikhs, were the popular designations of the two divisions of Dal Khalsa, the confederated army of the Sikhs during the eighteenth century. With the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716, the Sikhs were deprived of a unified command. Moreover, losses suffered by the Sikhs during the anti Banda Singh campaign around Gurdaspur and the relentless persecution that followed at the hands of `Abd usSamad Khan, governor of Lahore, made it impossible for Sikhs to continue large scale combined operations.
Delve into the historical Sikh Jagirdari system, its evolution under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and its impact on land revenue and governance.
Discover how the 1956 Regional Formula aimed to solve Punjab's language dilemma, leading to the state's division into Haryana and Punjab by 1966.
Learn about the 1932 Communal Award, a key step in transferring governance to India, shaping legislative representation for religious communities.
Explore the JAITO MORCHA, a pivotal Akali agitation for justice in Punjab, challenging British oppression and advocating for Sikh leaders' restoration.
Learn about the Sikandar-Baldev Singh Pact of 1942, a key agreement in Punjab politics uniting Akalis and Unionists to shape the region’s future.
Explore the dynamic relations between Sikhs and Jats during their rise in 17th-century India, highlighting key battles and alliances against Mughal forces.
CHALI MUKTE, lit. forty (chalf) liberated ones (mukte), is how a band of 40 brave Sikhs who laid down their lives fighting near the dhab or lake of Khidrana, also called Isharsar, on 29 December 1705 against a Mughal force in chase of Guru Gobind Singh are remembered in Sikh history and daily in the Sikh ardas or supplicatory prayer offered individually or at gatherings at the end of all religious services. Guru Gobind Singh, who had watched the battle from a nearby mound praised the martyrs` valour and blessed them as Chali Mukte, the Forty Immortals. After them Khidrana became Muktsar the Pool of Liberation.
Discover the historical significance of 'jatha' in Sikh tradition, representing volunteer bands skilled in guerrilla warfare during 18th-century conflicts.
